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用车分分钟搞定 几个绝招让美女变身汽车小能

????, ?? ??? ????.
???? ??
Novell DR Multiuser DOS Release 5.1
?????? ???, ?? (??)
OS ??CP/M
????
?? ?????? ??
??? ??7.22 R18 / 2005? 4? 21?(20? ?)(2025-08-14) (REAL/32: 7.95)
???? ?????
??? ?????
???X86, 68000
?????? ??
?? UI??? ????? (COMMAND.COM)
?????? ?????
?? ??????? (?? ??)
百度 1985年他在香港红馆连开20场个人演唱会，1989年再次刷新个人纪录，在香港红馆一连举办了38场演唱会，而他在1994年举行的香港大球场演唱会为歌迷们津津乐道，其中的金曲如《讲不出再见》备受乐迷的喜爱。

???? ??(Multiuser DOS)? IBM PC ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????.

??? ???? CP/M-86, ???? ?? ? ???? ?? 386 ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ????? 1991? ?? (??)? ???? ??? ????.[1][2][3] ? ??? ?? ??? ???? 8?? ?? ?? CP/M ? MP/M, ??? CP/M?? ??? 16?? ?? ?? CP/M-86? ??.

??? 1992? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?, ? ?? ??? ???? ????? (VAR)? ???? ???????, Concurrent Controls[4] ? Intelligent Micro Software[5]? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ???, CCI ???? ??, IMS ???? ?? ? REAL/32? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????.[5]

???? ?? 286? Concurrent DOS 68K?? ??? FlexOS ??? 1994? 7? Integrated Systems, Inc. (ISI)? ?????.

???? CP/M-86

[??]
 MP/M-86 ??? ??????.

CP/M-86 1.0? ?? ??(BDOS 2.x ??)? 1982? IBM PC? ?? ???? ?????. IBM? PC DOS 1.0? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???. PC DOS? CP/M-86 ?? ??? 16?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???.

1981? 9??? CP/M? ?? ?? '?? ??'? MP/M-86 2.0 ???? ? ?????. ?? ?? PC? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? PC ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, PC ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??.

CP/M-86 1.1 (with BDOS 2.2) and MP/M-86 2.1 were merged to create Concurrent CP/M-86 3.0 (also known as CCP/M-86) with BDOS 3.0 in late 1982.[6] ??? ??????, CP/M-86? ???? ???? ???? CP/M-86? ???? ?????? ??. ? ??? ? ? ?? ???? "???" R. ??????.[7][8] ???? ?? 4?(?? ????)? CP/M-86 ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??(?: ???? CP/M-86/80 ??)? ?? ??? ? ????, ?? "?? ??"? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ??.[6] ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? CP/M-86 ??? ??? ? ???? ????. ???? CP/M-86 3.1 (BDOS 3.1)? 1984? 2? 21?? ?????.[9]

??

[??]

???? ??? ???? CP/M-86

[??]

1984? 2?, ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? CP/M-86 ??? IBM ??? ??? ? ??? ??? XT? ???? ??? ???? CP/M??? ???? ????.[10]

???? CP/M-86/80

[??]
 CP/M-86/80, CP/M 8-16 ? MP/M 8-16 ??? ??????.

??? LSI-M4, LSI Octopus[11] ? CAL PC ???? ?? ???? CP/M-86? ?? ????. ? ???? 16??? 8?? ???? ??? ??? ????, 16?? ??? ???? ????? 8?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? 16?? ??????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????. ???? CP/M-86/80? ????? CP/M (8??)? CP/M-86 (16??) ??????? ?? ??? ? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? .COM ???? .CMD ???? ??? ???? ?? 8?? ?? 16?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ?? CP/M ??? ??? CP/M-86 ??? ??? ?????? 8?? ????? ?? CP/M ??? ????????, ?? 16?? ????? ?? ?????.[6]

???? DOS

[??]

1983? 8?, ??? ?????, ???? D. ?????, ??? ???, ?? ????? PC-MODE? ??? ?? ?? ????.[12] ??? ???? CP/M-86 3.1[13][14](BDOS 3.1 ??)? ??? ???, PC DOS 1.1 (? MS-DOS 1.1)?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????.[14] ? ??? 1983? 12? ????? ????? ?????,[12] 1984? 3?? ???? ???? ???? DOS 3.1 (a.k.a. CDOS with BDOS 3.1)? ?????.[15][16] ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ???. ?? ??, PKZIP? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? CP/M-native ARC ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ???? CP/M (?? CP/M-86) ??? ????.

Concurrent DOS 3.1?? 4.1??? ???? ??????, OEM ?? ? ???? 1983??? DR Europe? OEM ?? ??? ?? ??? (????)?? ????.

??? ???? GEM? ??? Concurrent DOS 4.1? 1985? IBM? TopView? ???? ????.[17]

???? PC DOS

[??]

1984?? ???? DOS 3.2 (BDOS 3.2 ??)? CP/M-86 1.x, ???? CP/M-86 3.x ? PC DOS 2.0? ??????? ?????.[18] ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ???. IBM-PC ?? BIOS/XIOS? ??? ??? ???? PC DOS 3.2? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? PC DOS? ?? ?????.

???? DOS 68K? FlexOS 68K

[??]

1984??? ?????? ??? ????[19][14], C ??? ??? CP/M-68K? ????? ??? (????)?? ???? DOS 68K? ?????. ?? ??? ? ? ?? ???? "???" R. ???? (??? FRH? ???)??.[7][8] ???? DOS 68K 1.0? 1985? ?? OEM ????? ?????.[20][21] ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????,[20] ??? 68000/68010 ??????? ?????. ??? 68000 ????? GEMDOS ???? ?????, ???? ???? VME/10 ?? ????? ??????.[14] ???? DOS 68K 1.20/1.21? 1986? 4?? ??????,[22][23][24] OEM?? ? 200000 ??? ?????.[20] ? ???? 1986? ?? FlexOS 68K? ????.

??? ??? ??? ??:

???? DOS 286 ? FlexOS 286

[??]

???? DOS 68K ??? ????,[20] ??? ???? 1985? 1? ??? ???? ???? DOS 286? ?? ????.[25] ??? MP/M-286? ???? CP/M-286? ???? ???, ??? ???? 1982??? ? ??? ????.[26][27]

???? DOS 286? ?? BIOS ?? XIOS ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? C ??? ??? ?? ?????.[25] ?? ??? ? ? ?? ???? "???" R. ??????.[7][8] ?? ??? 80286 ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ????? 8086 ?????? ????.[28][25] ??? ? ??? B-1 ????? ?????, 4?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? 5?? ????? ??? C-1 ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ???? DOS 286? 8086 ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??. ???? DOS 286? ??? 5? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????.[28] 8?? 80286? E-1 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? 286 errata? ?????, E-1 ???? ???? ???? DOS 286? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? 8086 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ???? ???? ??? E-2 ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? (LOADALL ??).[29][23] ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? DOS 286? ???? ???? FlexOS 286 ?? 1.x?? ??? ????,[30][31] ?? 1986??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????.

?? ????? PC DOS 2.x ? 3.x?? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ??? ??:

???? DOS XM ? ???? DOS 386

[??]
 GEM XM ??? ??????.
??? ??? ???? DOS XM ??? 6.0
??? ??? ???? DOS 386 ??? 2.0

OEM ?? ??? 1986? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??(EDC)? ??????, ???? ???? DOS 4.11? ??? ???? DOS ???? ?? ??? DOS Plus ? ??? ??? ???? ????.

?? ?????? ??? ?? 5? 6 (???? DOS XM, XM? ?? ???? ???)? ?? 8MB? EEMS? ?? ???? ?? CP/M-86 ? DOS ????? ??? ???? ?? 3?? ???(?? 1?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? 2?)? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ???.

1987?, ???? DOS 86? ???? DOS 386?? ???????,[33] ??? ?? XIOS ? BDOS ????? ?????. ? ?? ??? ?? 80386 ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????, 386? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? DOS ??????? ?????? ???? DOS 386?? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??. ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? PC?? ???? ??? ????? ??. ???? DOS 386? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? PC?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ???.

???? DOS 386? ? 200K? ?? ???? ?????, ?? MS-DOS?? ?? ??. BYTE? ?????? ?? ?? ??? 512K RAM??? "??? ????? ??? ? ?? ?"??? ????, ?? 640K ?? 1MB RAM? ??? ??????? ??? Multiplan? ?? ? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ????.[34]

???? DOS 6.0? ?? ??? ??? DR-DOS ???? ?????? ??.

??? ??? ??? ??:

  • DR ???? PC DOS XM 5.0 (BDOS 5.0)
  • DR ???? DOS XM 5.0 (BDOS 5.0, 1986? 10?)
  • DR ???? DOS XM 5.1 (BDOS 5.1?, 1987? 1?)
  • DR ???? DOS XM 5.2 (BDOS 5.2?, 1987? 9?)[35][36][37]
  • DR ???? DOS XM 6.0 (BDOS 6.0, 2025-08-14),[38][39] 6.01 (1987)
  • DR ???? DOS XM 6.2 (BDOS 6.2),[40] 6.21
  • DR ???? DOS 386 1.0 (BDOS 5.0?, 1987)
  • DR ???? DOS 386 1.1 (BDOS 5.2?, 1987? 9?)[35]
  • DR ???? DOS 386 2.0 (BDOS 6.0, 2025-08-14),[38] 2.01[41]
  • DR ???? DOS 386 3.0 (BDOS 6.2, 1988? 12?, 1989? 1?),[40] 3.01 (2025-08-14), 3.02 (1989)

???? PC DOS XM 5.0? IBM PC DOS 2.10? ?????? ??,[42] ???? DOS XM 6.0? ???? DOS 386 2.0? IBM PC DOS 3.30? ?????.[43]

??

[??]

1988? BYTE? ???? DOS 386? MS-DOS? "??? ????"? ????. ?? ??, ??????? ?? 3.1? ?????? 4.0? ????? ?? DOS ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ? ?? RAM ?? ???? ?????, BYTE? ??? I/O? DOS?? ? ? ???? ?? ????. ? ??? "? ?? ? ??" 386 ?? ??? ?? ?????, ???? DOS 386? "????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??"? ?????.[34]

??

[??]

Concurrent Controls, Inc.? ??? CCI Concurrent DOS ?? ??? ??? ??:

  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 1.12 (BDOS 5.0?, 1987? 10?)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 2.01 (BDOS 6.0?, 1988? 5?)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.01 (BDOS 6.2?, 1989? 3?)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.02 (1990? 4?)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.03 (1991? 3?)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.04 (1991? 7?)[44] ?? "CCI Concurrent DOS 4.0"[45]
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.05 R1 (1992? 2?), R2 (1992), R3+R4 (1992), R5+R6 (1992), R7+R8 (1993), R9+R10 (1993), R11 (1993? 8?)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.06 R1 (1993? 12?), R2+R3 (1994), R4+R5+R6 (1994), R7 (1994? 7?)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.07 R1 (1995? 3?), R2 (1995), R3 (1996), R4 (1996), R5 (1997), R6 (1997), R7 (1998? 6?)[46]
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.08
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.10 R1 (2025-08-14)[47]

?? ?? ??? ??? ??:

  • Apricot ???? DOS 386 2.01 (1987) for Apricot Quad Version Level 4.3[48]

???? DOS

[??]

???? DOS 386? ?? ??? DR? ?? ?? ??? PC DOS ??? DR-DOS 5.0? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? 1991? ?? 5.0 (BDOS 6.5 ??)?? "???? DOS"(MDOS??? ?)?? ? ???? ??? ?????.[49]

???? DOS? LAN ??? PC DOS? ???? ? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???. PC DOS ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? CONFIG.SYS? ??? ???? ??? PC DOS ???? ? ????. ???? DOS ??(???????? ?)? SYSGEN ??? ???? ?? ???? ??.

???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? PC ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????, ??? ???, ??? ??, CD-ROM ????, ???? ?? PC ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ? ??????(?? ??, ??? ???? ???? ???? CGA, EGA, VGA ?????? ??? ? ?? ?), ?? PC ?????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????, Quarterdeck? DESQview? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????. MP/M? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???.

??? 1991? ??? ???? ????[1][2][3] 1992? ???? DOS? ???? ?, ? ?? ??? VAR? DataPac Australasia, Concurrent Controls[4] ? Intelligent Micro Software[5]? 1994? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ??? ??:

  • DR ???? DOS 5.00 (1991),[50] 5.01
  • ?? DR ???? DOS 5.10 (2025-08-14),[51] 5.11[52]
  • ?? DR ???? DOS 5.13 (BDOS 6.6, 1992)

??? ??? ? ?? DR ???? DOS? ?? ??? ??? "IBM PC DOS" ?? 3.31? ????.

??

[??]

???? ???????

[??]

DataPac Australasia Pty Limited? ??? ??? ??? ??:

  • ???? ???? DOS 5.0
  • ???? ???? DOS 5.1 (BDOS 6.6)
  • ???? ??? ??? 7.0 (2025-08-14)

1997?, DataPac? Citrix Systems, Inc.? ??????,[53][54][55] System Manager? ? ?????. 2002? ??? ?? ???? Citrix? Advanced Products Group?? ?????.[56]

???? ???

[??]

Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI)? ??? CCI ???? DOS ??? ??? ??:

  • CCI ???? DOS 7.00
  • CCI ???? DOS 7.10
  • CCI ???? DOS 7.21[57]
  • CCI ???? DOS 7.22[57] R1 (1996? 9?), R2 (1996), R3 (1997), R4 GOLD/PLUS/LITE (BDOS 6.6, 2025-08-14), R5 GOLD (1997), R6 GOLD (1997), R7 GOLD (1998? 6?), R8 GOLD, R9 GOLD, R10 GOLD, R11 GOLD (2025-08-14), R12 GOLD (2025-08-14), R13 GOLD (2025-08-14), R14 GOLD (2025-08-14), R15 GOLD, R16 GOLD (2025-08-14), R17 GOLD (2025-08-14), R18 GOLD (2025-08-14)

?? CCI ???? DOS ??? ??? "IBM PC DOS" ?? 3.31? ????.[57] DOS? SETVER? ????, ?? ???? DOS DOSVER x.y ????? ???? ??? ? ??.[57]

1999?, CCI? ??? Applica, Inc.? ????.[58] 2002? Applica Technology? Aplycon Technologies, Inc.? ???.[59]

????? ???? ?????, ???, ?? ???

[??]
DOS 386 Professional
[??]
IMS ???? DOS
[??]

IMS ???? DOS? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??:

  • IMS ???? DOS ??? ??? 5.1 (1992)
  • IMS ???? DOS 5.11
  • IMS ???? DOS 5.14
  • IMS ???? DOS 7.0
  • IMS ???? DOS 7.1 (BDOS 6.7, 1994)

IMS ???? DOS? ?? ??? ??? "IBM PC DOS" ?? 3.31? ????.

REAL/32
[??]
IMS REAL/32 ?? 7.6

?? ??? Intelligent Micro Software Ltd. (IMS)? 1994? ????? ???? DOS? ?? ??? ????? ???? 1995? ???? REAL/32? ????.[5]

?? FlexOS/4690 OS? ????, IBM? 1995? REAL/32 7.50? ??? 4695 POS ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????.[5]

IMS REAL/32 ??:

  • IMS REAL/32 7.50 (BDOS 6.8, 2025-08-14), 7.51 (BDOS 6.8), 7.52 (BDOS 6.9), 7.53 (BDOS 6.9, 2025-08-14), 7.54 (BDOS 6.9, 2025-08-14)[60]
  • IMS REAL/32 7.60 (BDOS 6.9, 1997? 2?),[61] 7.61, 7.62, 7.63
  • IMS REAL/32 7.70 (1997? 11?), 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74 (1998)[62]
  • IMS REAL/32 7.80, 7.81 (1999? 2?), 7.82, 7.83 (BDOS 6.10)
  • IMS REAL/32 7.90 (1999),[63] 7.91, 7.92
  • ITERA IMS REAL/32 7.93 (2002? 6?),[64] 7.94 (BDOS 6.13, 2025-08-14)[65]
  • Integrated Solutions IMS REAL/32 7.95[66]

REAL/32 7.50?? 7.74??? ??? "IBM PC DOS" ?? 3.31? ???? ??, 7.80 ??? 6.20 ??? ????. LBA ? FAT32 ??? 1999? REAL/32 7.90?? ?????.[63] 2002? 4? 19?, Intelligent Micro Software Ltd.? ?? ??? ??, ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? Itera Ltd.? ????.[67][68][69] ? ??? 2006? 3? 28? ?????.[70][71] 2010? ?? REAL/32? ?? ??? Integrated Solutions?? ?????, ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????.[66]

REAL/NG
[??]

REAL/NG? IMS? "???" REAL/32? ???? ?????, "??? ??? REAL/32"??? ???. REAL/NG? "PC?? x86 ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??"? ????.[72]

2003? ???? ??? ?? ??:[73]

  • ??? 7.3 ?? ?? ??? ????? ??
  • DOS ? REAL/32? ?? ???
  • ?? 65535?? ?? ??; ? ??? ???? ? ? ??
  • ??? ?? ?? ???
  • ? ????? ?? ??/??/????? (?? ? ??)
  • ??? ??? ?? ?? TCP/IP ???/??? ?? ??? ????? ??
  • ?? ? ?? ?? ??
  • ???? REAL/NG ?? ?? ???? ?? ??
  • ??? ???? ??
  • ?? ??
  • TPA ?? ??
  • ?? ???? ??
  • ??? ???? ??
  • ?? ??? ??
  • ??? ?? ??? ??
  • ?? ? ?? ??
  • CD? ??
  • ??? CD ??? ?? ??

2003? 12? 10?, IMS? "REALNG V1.60-V1.19-V1.12"? ?????,[74] ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???.

2005??? realng.com ????? IMS ?? ????? ??????, REAL/NG? ?? ??? ?? REAL/32? ???? ???.[75]

?? ?????

[??]

? ?? ??? ??? ???? DOS ????? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ???. ? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????. ????? ???? DOS? wolfSSL? ?? ?? ?? SSL/TLS ?????? ?? ????.

API? ??? ? ???? ??? ?, ?? ?? ?, ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??????? ??? "??"? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? "??"?? ????? ????? ??? ? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ???.

? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? "??" ??? ??? ????? ???(???? DOS ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??). ?? ??? ????? ????? "??"? "???" ??? ?? ?????. "??"?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??, ???? DOS? ????? ?? ?? ?? "???" ? ?? API ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? DOS ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? DOS API ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1989? ?? ?? ???? ? P. ????? ???? BatteryMAX? ??? ?? ?? DR-DOS Dynamic Idle Detection ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.[76]

?? ??

[??]

??

[??]
  1. ↑ ? ? Scott, Karyl (1991? 7? 29?). “Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management”. 《InfoWorld》. Networking 13 (30) (InfoWorld Publishing Co.). 33?. ISSN 0199-6649. 2020? 2? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 21?? ???. 
  2. ↑ ? ? “Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement”. 《Business Wire》. 1991? 7? 17?. 2018? 8? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 24?? ???. 
  3. ↑ ? ? Allchin, Jim (1992? 5? 27?) [2025-08-14]. “Novell/Digital Research reach definitive agreement…” (PDF) (Court document). Plaintiff's exhibit 828, Comes v. Microsoft. 2016? 11? 19?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 21?? ???. 
  4. ↑ ? ? Barney, Doug (1994? 7? 25?). 《CCI helps users run more DOS apps – Multiuser DOS Lite handles eight NetWare sessions》. 《InfoWorld》. 20?. 2018? 8? 19?? ???. 
  5. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Pontin, Jason (1995? 11? 27?). 《IMS offers Real32 OS for application servers》. 《InfoWorld》. 2017? 1? 17?? ???. 
  6. ↑ ? ? ? Kildall, Gary Arlen (1982? 9? 16?). 《Running 8-bit software on dual-processor computers》 (PDF). 《Electronic Design》. 157?. 2017? 8? 19?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2017? 8? 19?? ???. 
  7. ↑ ? ? ? Wein, Josef "Joe" (2002). “Gary Kildall in England”. 2019? 4? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 4? 3?? ???. 
  8. ↑ ? ? ? Holsworth, Francis "Frank" R. (2006? 2? 1?). “Video: Frank Holsworth, developer” (interview). Information Technology Corporate Histories Collection. Computer History Museum. CHM Catalog Number 102770341. ITCHP 44403c1a3fd53. Lot Number X7847.2017. 2019? 4? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 4? 4?? ???.  |id=? templatestyles stripmarker? ??(?? 1) (???)
  9. ↑ Digital Research (1984): Concurrent CP/M ships early in response to team effort. Digital Dialogue – Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc., Volume 3, Number 1, p. 1 ([1]).
  10. ↑ “Concurrent CP/M with Windows Operating System – Technical Note for the IBM Personal Computer and Personal Computer XT” (PDF) 1?. Digital Research. February 1984. 2017? 1? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 4?? ???. 
  11. ↑ LSI Octopus (Hilger Analytical) – MCbx
  12. ↑ ? ? Digital Research (1984): PC-Mode bridges CP/M and PC-DOS. Digital Dialogue – Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc., Volume 3, Number 1, p. 3 ([2]).
  13. ↑ Digital Research: Concurrent CP/M Release 3.1 offers PC-DOS compatibility. Digital Research News – For Digital Research Users Everywhere, Volume 4, No. 1, p. 5, first quarter 1984 ([3]): "Concurrent CP/M Release 3.1 replaces MP/M-86 as Digital Research's multiuser system. Targeted at 16-bit microcomputers, Release 3.1 may also be configured for a single user environment. Kevin Wandryk, product line manager for the new release, said the PC-DOS mode in the new release increases the availability of applications software. End users can choose between products for Concurrent CP/M or PC-DOS. Digital Research will provide a list of those applications from PC-DOS which may be used, Wandryk said. The manufacturer's version was introduced in December at the COMDEX/Fall trade show in Las Vegas and is scheduled to ship in March."
  14. ↑ ? ? ? ? “1” (PDF). 《Micro Notes – A Technical Information Quarterly》 2 (1) (Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Digital Research, Inc.). First Quarter 1984. 2020? 2? 11?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2020? 2? 11?? ???. 
  15. ↑ Digital Research: Concurrent DOS bridges PC-DOS, CP/M. Digital Research News – For Digital Research Users Everywhere, Volume 4, No. 2, p. 3, May 1984 ([4]): '"Concurrent DOS Release 3.1 is rapidly gaining momentum and support from a wide range of microcomputer manufacturers," Wandryk said. "Some 60 hardware companies have licensed the product since it was released in early March."'
  16. ↑ “2” (PDF). 《Micro Notes – Technical information on Digital Research products》 2 (2) (Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Digital Research, Inc.). May 1984. NWS-106-002. 2020? 2? 11?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2020? 2? 11?? ???. 
  17. ↑ CW (1985? 6? 21?). 《Concurrent DOS 4.1 in den USA angekündigt》. 《Computerwoche》 (???). 2017? 1? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 18?? ???. 
  18. ↑ “3” (PDF). 《Micro Notes – Technical information on Digital Research products》 2 (3) (Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Digital Research, Inc.). July 1984. NWS-106-003. 2020? 2? 11?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2020? 2? 11?? ???. 
  19. ↑ Gallant, John (1984? 1? 23?). 《Digital Research, Monterey ink Unix-centered pact》. 《Computerworld》. XVIII. 6?. 2019? 2? 3?? ???. 
  20. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Knox, James M. (1986? 6? 22?). “Re: DRI Concurrent DOS for 68K”. ????: mod.computers.68k. 2018? 9? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 9? 13?? ???. 
  21. ↑ Knox, James M. (1987? 1? 31?). “CDOS-68K”. ????: mod.computers.68k. 2018? 9? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 9? 13?? ???. 
  22. ↑ ? ? ? “Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 – Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 – Disk 1”. 1986? 8? 6? [2025-08-14]. 2018? 9? 13?? ???. 
  23. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? “Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 – Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 – Disk 2”. 1986? 8? 6? [2025-08-14]. 2018? 9? 13?? ???.  (NB. This package also includes some header files from Concurrent DOS 286, including STRUCT.H explicitly mentioning LOADALL for "8086 emulation".)
  24. ↑ ? ? ? “Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 – Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 – Disk 3”. 1986? 8? 6? [2025-08-14]. 2018? 9? 13?? ???. 
  25. ↑ ? ? ? 《Concurrent DOS-286 Challenges Unix》. 《BYTE Magazine》 10. May 1985. 375-377?. 2018? 9? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 23?? ???.  [5]
  26. ↑ Swaine, Michael (1982? 4? 5?). 《Homebrew Computer Club views Intel's superchip》. 《InfoWorld》 4 (Palo Alto, CA, USA). 4?. 2020? 1? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 1? 7?? ???. […] Digital Research is producing an operating system for the 286. MP/M-286 will take advantage of the processor's memory management and protection and virtual memory support. Digital Research is promising "complete" compatibility with its MP/M-86 and CP/M-86 for the 8086 processor. Intel is supplying Digital Research with the hardware to develop and test MP/M-286. […] 
  27. ↑ Bidmead, Christopher H. (2006? 5? 9?) [2025-08-14]. 《Surviving Big Blue》. 《Doctor Who》. Which Computer?. 2020? 1? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 1? 7?? ???. […] Paul Bailey of Digital Research keenly promotes this approach; it is his company that is supplying ICL and others with Concurrent Dos-286. This chameleon operating system allows ICL and other 80286 manufacturers to build machines that will be able to cope with all the existing body of IBM-PC software – and at the same time promise multi-tasking, windowing and true concurrency, three features that together allow a single micro to do several things at once. […] Although no firm announcements have been made, it seems certain that by the end of the year ACT will be offering a Concurrent CP/M 286 machine to fuel its drive into the corporate market. But by this time it will have to contend with IBM's own 80286 office micro, the PC/AT. […] IBM also have a software product in the offing that could pull the rug out from under the Concurrent contenders. Some 180K in size, TopView is a program for IBM PC's and AT's that beefs up the operating system to provide windowing facilities for existing 'well behaved' standard packages. […] 
  28. ↑ ? ? Foster, Edward (1985? 5? 13?). 《Super DOS awaits new 80286 – Concurrent DOS 286 – delayed until Intel upgrades chip – offers Xenix's power and IBM PC compatibility》. 《InfoWorld》 7 (InfoWorld Media Group). 17–18?. ISSN 0199-6649. 
  29. ↑ Foster, Edward (1985? 8? 26?). 《Intel shows new 80286 chip – Future of DRI's Concurrent DOS 286 still unclear after processor fixed》. 《InfoWorld》 7 (InfoWorld Media Group). 21?. ISSN 0199-6649. 
  30. ↑ ? ? 《FlexOS Supplement for Intel iAPX 286-based Computers》 (PDF). 1.3 1?. Digital Research, Inc. November 1986. 2019? 4? 21?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2018? 8? 14?? ???. 
  31. ↑ CBR, ??. (1987? 1? 15?). 《Digital Research launches FlexOS 286 Real-Time Manufacturing Operating System》. 《Computer Business Review》. 2013? 1? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 9? 15?? ???. 
  32. ↑ 《High C Programmer's Guide – Version 1.2 for Concurrent DOS》 (PDF) 1?. Santa Cruz, CA, USA: MetaWare Incorporated. 1986 [2025-08-14]. 2018? 8? 14?? ???. […] This is a guide to the operation of the High C compiler as implemented for the Concurrent DOS 286 1.2 or later operating system – hereafter abbreviated to just "Concurrent" per Digital Research custom – running on the Intel 80286 microprocessor and using the Intel Object-Module Format (OMF). The compiler generates code for any of the Intel 8086/88/186/188/286 family of microprocessors. […] 
  33. ↑ Weiss, Jiri (1987? 2? 16?). 《DRI To Release Multiuser 80386 Operating System》. 《InfoWorld》 9. 1, 8?. 2017? 1? 22?? ???. 
  34. ↑ ? ? Lane, Alex (July 1988). “Concurrent DOS 386”. 《BYTE》. 163–170?. 2025? 4? 12?? ???. 
  35. ↑ ? ? Angus, Jeff (1987? 9? 21?). 《DRI Updates 2 Concurrent DOS Systems》. 《InfoWorld》. 
  36. ↑ “Question about Concurrent DOS XM 5.2 and CP/M”. 《comp.os.misc》. 2001? 12? 8?. 
  37. ↑ Fisher, Sharon (1987? 10? 19?). 《Compupro's 80286-Based Multiuser Machine Features Parallel Processing》. 《InfoWorld》. 19?. 
  38. ↑ ? ? Ryan, Alan J. (1987? 10? 19?). 《Concurrent DOS 386 fired up》. 《Computerworld》 21. 37, 40?. 2017? 1? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 22?? ???. 
  39. ↑ “South-West Retro Computing Archive”. 
  40. ↑ ? ? 《Digital to announce Concurrent DOS 386, Release 3.0 at COMDEX》. 《InfoWorld》 10. 1988? 11? 14?. 29?. 2017? 1? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 22?? ???. 
  41. ↑ Schulman, Andrew; Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. 《Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures – expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1》 2?. Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley. 203?. ISBN 0-201-63287-X.  (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [6][7]
  42. ↑ Welch, Mark J. (1986? 6? 9?). 《DRI's Latestd Concurrent PC-DOS Touts More Memory》. 《InfoWorld》. 20?. 2018? 10? 16?? ???. 
  43. ↑ “Concurrent DOS – Powerful Multiuser Multitasking Operating Systems” (PDF). Digital Research. 1988. 2018? 10? 16?? ???. 
  44. ↑ Scannell, Ed (1991? 6? 3?). 《386 Multiuser/Multitasking DOS Gets Scripting Language, File Flush》. 《InfoWorld》. 2017? 1? 19?? ???. 
  45. ↑ Scannell, Ed (1991? 10? 7?). 《Concurrent revs multiuser DOS》. 《InfoWorld》. 17?. 2017? 1? 19?? ???. 
  46. ↑ “CCI Concurrent DOS Features”. Concurrent Controls, Inc. 1998. 2005? 2? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  47. ↑ “CCI CDOS V3.10 Release 1”. Concurrent Controls, Inc. 2003. 2005? 3? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  48. ↑ “South-West Retro Computing Archive”. 
  49. ↑ Scannell, Ed; Johnston, Stuart J. (1991? 3? 4?). 《DRI Adds Multiuser Tools To DRDOS; MS DOS 5.0 Release Slips To June》. 《InfoWorld》 13. 1, 97?. 2017? 1? 21?? ???. 
  50. ↑ CW (1991? 3? 22?). 《Digital Research pr?sentiert Multiuser-DOS》. 《Computerwoche》 (???). 2018? 8? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 8? 19?? ???. 
  51. ↑ “Jetz Zugriff auf Novell-Netze m?glich: Digital Research kommt mit der Version 5.1 von Multiuser-DOS”. 
  52. ↑ “CONCURRENT CONTROLS: The Multi User Company”. 《conctrls.com》. 2001? 6? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 1? 15?? ???. 
  53. ↑ Citrix Systems, Inc. (1997? 9? 9?). “Citrix to Acquire DataPac Australasia; Acquisition to Accelerate Citrix Presence in High-Growth Asia-Pacific Market”. 《Business Wire》 (Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA). 2017? 1? 20?? ???. 
  54. ↑ Duursma, Martin (2006? 10? 15?) [2005]. Muir, Jeff, ??. “Datapac history (Citrix R&D Australia)”. 《Citrix Blogger》. 2017? 1? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 19?? ???. 
  55. ↑ Costello, John (1997? 9? 17?). “DataPac sale expected to benefit channel”. 《Australian Reseller News》. 2017? 1? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 7? 28?? ???. 
  56. ↑ Mulcaster, Glenn (2002? 10? 29?). “Citrix leading a silicon charge”. 《Australian Reseller News》. 2017? 1? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 7? 28?? ???. 
  57. ↑ ? ? ? ? 《CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation》. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997? 2? 10?. HELP.HLP. 
  58. ↑ Applica Inc. (1999? 11? 8?). “Reflecting its continuing focus on the Applica PC-sharing software products, Concurrent Controls Inc. today announced a move to Applica Inc.”. 《PRNewswire》. South San Francisco, CA, USA. 2016? 5? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 20?? ???. 
  59. ↑ Aplycon Technologies (2002? 10? 15?). “Letter to Applica Distributors, Dealers, Partners and Users”. 2002? 11? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  60. ↑ M., R. (1996? 7? 31?). “REAL/32 Upgrade Disk – Version 7.54 – Batch 08-96-01 – SRN0167.WP”. R32UP754.ZIP. 2018? 8? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 17?? ???. 
  61. ↑ “REAL/32 7.60 for MaxFrame”. MaxFrame. 2001? 8? 20?. 2018? 9? 14?? ???. 
  62. ↑ “REAL/32 7.74 for MaxFrame”. MaxFrame. 2001? 1? 30?. 2018? 9? 14?? ???. 
  63. ↑ ? ? “IMS REAL/32 7.9 Announcement”. Intelligent Micro Software. 1999. 2017? 1? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  64. ↑ “Real/32 7.93 Enhancements and Bug fixes”. Intelligent Micro Software. 2002? 11? 22?. 2017? 1? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 17?? ???. 
  65. ↑ “Real/32 7.94 Enhancements and Bug fixes”. Intelligent Micro Software. 2003? 1? 31?. 2017? 1? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 17?? ???. 
  66. ↑ ? ? “IMS PRICE LIST – AUTUMN 2010”. Integrated Solutions. August 2010. 2017? 1? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 17?? ???.  (NB. Lists REAL/32 7.95.)
  67. ↑ “REAL/32 products discontinued”. Logan Industries, Inc. (LLI). 2002? 4? 22?. 2003? 4? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  68. ↑ “REAL/32 under new ownership”. Logan Industries, Inc. (LLI). 2002? 5? 22? [2025-08-14]. 2002? 12? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  69. ↑ “IMS acquired by ITERA”. Logan Industries, Inc. (LLI). 2002? 5? 23?. 2003? 4? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  70. ↑ 《ITERA LIMITED》, UK Companies List 
  71. ↑ “Itera Limited”. NEXOK. 2017? 1? 18?? ???. 
  72. ↑ REAL/NG main page (2001) ([8]).
  73. ↑ Key features of REAL/NG (2003) (from realng.com 2003).
  74. ↑ Probably latest REAL/NG (realng.com 2003).
  75. ↑ REAL/NG disappearing from realng.com (realng.com 2005).
  76. ↑ US patent 5355501, Gross, Roger Alan & John P. Constant, "Idle Detection System", issued 2025-08-14 

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